Copyright Guidelines draft

All countries have laws that protect the creative products of their authors and artists. These laws are referred to as copyrights and need to be respected. Copyright laws can be the basis for legal action. The information provided here is pertinent to copyright laws in the United States and should not be taken as legal advice. If you have legal questions regarding copyright law, particularly if you live outside the United States, it is best to consult a copyright attorney in your jurisdiction.

The following information covers four major points of concern where copyright is involved:

• Copyright infringement,
• Vigilance required,
• Protecting organizations, and
• Understanding laws and proper use.

Copyright law applies to all forms of media, including print, promotion, digital, and social media.

It is crucial to be aware of and adhere to copyright and intellectual property laws to prevent infringement and protect Overeaters Anonymous and our members from legal consequences.

Note: These guidelines contains both legal language that covers this topic and the information in plain language (insets). There is also a Frequently Asked Questions section and a brief quiz to help you further understand the importance of this topic.

Preventing Copyright Infringement

Copyright infringement has become a widespread issue for content creators and brand owners. Creators of both print and digital media—such as websites, blogs, other social media pages, banners, and flyers—must be vigilant not to engage in unauthorized sharing of copyrighted material (drawings, clip art, photos, videos, songs, logos, slogans, lyrics, literary works, etc.) without permission from the owner/agent of the work. To protect Overeaters Anonymous, Inc., OA groups, and OA service bodies from infringing the intellectual property rights of others, it is important to understand laws around copyright, proper use of trademarks, and how to avoid intellectual property violations.

Stopping Copyright Problems When someone creates something, they own it—that creation is their property. Copyright issues arise when others use that work without getting written permission. This is called “infringement,” which is the unauthorized use of someone else’s work in a way that violates their copyright. Infringement can be a serious problem for creators of websites, blog posts, videos, songs, and other original content. To keep safe and avoid trouble: Don’t Use Without Permission: Always ask before using pictures, songs, logos, and drawings, anything someone else made, and get written permission where possible. Know the Rules: It’s important to learn the rules about copyright and trademarks. This will help you understand what you can and can’t use. Protect Our Fellowship: We need to make sure our Fellowship, Overeaters Anonymous, doesn’t use other people’s work without permission. By following these guidelines, we can respect other people’s work and stay out of trouble.

Understanding Copyright Law

Copyright law protects creative works such as books, songs, photos, logos, and videos. The copyright owner/author of the work has the exclusive right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, and publicly display the work or to authorize others to do so. It is important for users to understand copyright rules and what they can and cannot share to avoid infringing on copyright, whether in print or digital media. As more and more people use social media to share and reach out, there are more and more temptations to use “found” content. Just because content is found on the internet does not mean it is free for OA, Inc., OA groups, or OA service bodies to use; permission must be expressly granted for its use by the owner/author or authorized agent (“copyrights holder”). Permission is usually granted in the form of a written agreement or license to use the work under the terms of the agreement/license.

Understanding Copyright Law Copyright law protects creative things like books, songs, photos, logos, and videos. The person who made or owns the copyrighted work (the copyright owner) has legal rights to decide how their work is used. They can let others use it or not.   Sometimes, the person who did the work has an agreement with a third party to manage their work, such as Adobe or Getty Images. There are many platforms and online agencies that do this, and the agency can decide how and if the work can be used. Some agencies have things you can use for free; some agencies sell the limited right to use the creative work. Always read the online agency’s rules before you use something found online. Remember: it’s important to learn the rules about what you can and can’t share. This helps you avoid breaking the law.   Here are two main things you need to know: Get Permission: Just because you find something on the internet doesn’t mean you can use it. You need to ask the person who owns it for permission. Written Agreement: If they say yes, ask for a written agreement or license. This tells you how you can use their work. By understanding these rules, we can make sure we’re using other people’s work the right way and staying out of trouble.

Fair-Use Exceptions

Under copyright law, there are exceptions known as “fair use” that permit limited use of copyrighted works without authorization/permission from the copyright’s holder. Quoting or excerpting parts of a work for criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, and research may qualify as fair use. The fair-use exception is a very narrow exception, and most unauthorized use of a third-party’s creative work will not qualify for fair use. It is a common misconception that because OA is in the business of education, fair use applies to any use of another’s content. To avoid misconstruing the fair-use exception and misapplication of the same, it would be best to consult a copyright attorney prior to proceeding under a “fair-use” exception theory. If your OA group or OA service body group is located outside of the United States or its territories, it would be best to consult a copyright attorney in your jurisdiction. OA, Inc. cannot provide this legal service.

Fair-Use Exceptions Fair use is a legal exception that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission, typically for criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, or research. However, fair use is a narrow exception and doesn’t apply to most uses. Before you use something without permission because you believe it is “fair use,” talk with a copyright attorney in your country. Remember: when in doubt, leave it out!

Obtain (Request) Permission

If use of a work does not fall under fair use (and most uses of a work will not qualify), permission must be obtained from the copyright owner or agent before distributing, sharing, or posting the work on social media or in any format. A copyright holder can grant permission for use of copyrighted material through a written license agreement. It is preferred that the license agreement includes a representation from the copyright owner stating that they are the lawful owner of the copyright and that the material does not infringe on the copyright of others. Some works may be in the public domain, meaning the copyright has expired and they can be used freely. However, it is best to verify the copyright status of a work before assuming it is in the public domain. Regarding the use of material copyrighted by Overeaters Anonymous, procedures and guidelines may be found here: Copyright Requests page on oa.org.

Getting Permission To prevent copyright issues like infringement, you should seek written permission from the owner of the copyrighted work to use the work. In addition to receiving written permission to use the work, it is also a good idea to have the owner state (in writing) that they do, in fact, own the work and have the right to grant permission for its use. Written permission is best as it gives you documentation that you can use the work.   Sometimes, things are old enough to be free to use (public domain), or the owner has given a blanket license for anyone to use the work, but always check first.

Monitoring and Enforcement

Brands and content creators regularly monitor digital and social media for instances of violations of copyright rules involving their intellectual property. If unauthorized use of an original work is discovered, the copyright holder can:

1. issue a takedown notice to the platform requesting that the infringing content be removed,
2. send a cease-and-desist letter to the social media owner requesting damages, and/or
3. file a lawsuit to enforce the copyright with a request for damages.

Even if one innocently copies a copyright owner’s content without permission and then removes the content after receiving a cease-and-desist letter from the copyright owner, there is no guarantee the copyright owner will abandon the damages requested or abandon the threatened lawsuit for copyright infringement and damages. It is important to note that each OA group and OA service body is autonomous and responsible for its own print and digital media content.

Monitoring and Enforcement People and companies use sophisticated technology like artificial intelligence (AI) to watch digital and social media (including websites, blogs, apps, etc.) to make sure their work isn’t being used without permission. If they find unauthorized use, they can ask the platform to take it down, send a warning letter to you demanding you remove the use, as well as ask for money for the unauthorized use, or even go to court. Each OA group and service body is responsible for what they share. Even if you didn’t know you were doing something wrong and you remove it when asked, you could still be in trouble and end up paying a fee and/or going to court.

Unauthorized Reproduction

The unauthorized reproduction of copyrighted content, including photographs, videos, music, software, and literary works, constitutes copyright infringement. On social media platforms, users frequently repost, download, and share copyrighted content they do not own or have permission to use.

Unauthorized Reproduction This means sharing or downloading things like photos, videos, music, or writings that you don’t own or have permission to use.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the use of another’s creative work or ideas without proper attribution or credit. On social media, plagiarism commonly takes the form of users copying and pasting blog posts, social media updates, or other content as if it is their own. Users may also plagiarize by paraphrasing another’s work without citing the source.

Plagiarism Using someone else’s work or ideas and pretending they are your own. For example, this can be copying blog posts or social media updates without permission and without saying where they came from.

False Attribution

False attribution occurs when a copyrighted work is attributed to the wrong owner or creator. For example, a social media user posts a famous quote or creative work and attributes it to the wrong historical figure or original author. False attribution can damage the reputation and credibility of the actual creator.

False Attribution Saying someone else made the work when they didn’t. This can hurt the real creator’s reputation.

Trademark Infringement

A company’s trademark, including names, logos, and brand elements, are also subject to infringement. Users may incorporate trademarks of a company into their own posts, profiles, or pages in a way that is likely to cause confusion as to the source, sponsorship, or affiliation. Trademark holders must actively monitor and report such unauthorized use to avoid weakening their brand identity.

Trademark Infringement A company may use/register its name, logo, or other brand elements as a trademark. This means the company owns the name, logo, or elements and is the only one that can give permission for it to be used. Using a company’s name, logo, or other brand elements without permission is also an infringement and can also cause problems. This can confuse people about who made the content and whether the company agreed that the content creator is a representative for the company.

OA, Inc. Trademarks

In the case of OA, Inc.’s trademarks, permission for use must be obtained in advance from the World Service Office for any reproduction or use of the Overeaters Anonymous, Inc. trademarks, including the ® logo. There are also guidelines on the proper use of OA’s logos customized with the registration number and name of the OA group and service body. This is one way OA protects its trademarks. (See Copyright FAQs page on oa.org.)

OA, Inc. Trademarks Always get permission from the World Service Office to use our trademarks: “OA,” “Overeaters Anonymous,” our logo ®, or any combination of these.

Ensure Content Is Original

When posting content on social media or other digital media, it is crucial to ensure that all creative works are original and do not infringe on any existing copyrights. It is recommended to only post photos, videos, blog posts, and other content that have been created by the website owner or their employees. See the guidance that the Board of Trustees shared with the Fellowship on February 26, 2022: Sharing OA-Copyright Material Electronically: A letter from the OA Board of Trustees to the Fellowship on oa.org. In the case of OA member volunteers, please obtain permission as identified in the next section.

Use Original Content If you are sharing work either created by you or that was created by an OA member of your group or service body, make sure your works are original or that the creator has given written permission.

Obtain Permission to Use Copyrighted Materials

If OA, Inc. or a registered OA group or service body wants to share copyrighted content created by another party, they must respect the ownership of the content and abide by intellectual property laws and copyright regulations. Explicit permission and rights must be obtained from the copyright owner or agent prior to the content being posted and distributed on social media. Permission should be acquired in writing, often in the form of a licensing agreement that specifies how the content may be used in certain situations. It is also recommended to obtain: 1) a representation that the copyright owner created the work and the work does not infringe the rights of another person, and 2) a warranty against copyright infringement and any damages that arise if the work infringes the rights of a copyright holder to protect the licensee from misrepresentation by the “content creator.” See Copyright Requests page on oa.org.

Get Permission If you want to use someone else’s work, ask first and get written permission. Attach a copy of the work that the permission is for and hold onto both for future reference.

Attribution to Sources 

When sharing content that was created by a third party, proper attribution should always be given. This includes identifying the creator by name and year of copyright, if known, and acknowledging a license, if granted. When the contributor wants to remain anonymous, make sure that the identifying information of the content creator’s true identity is maintained in confidence in case a future issue arises with the originality of the content (i.e., an allegation of copyright infringement by another). Proper acknowledgement helps to avoid the appearance of copyright infringement while also giving credit to the original creator.

Give Credit Always say who created the work and the year it was created, if known. This helps avoid copyright problems and gives proper credit. If a member created the work and wants to be anonymous, obtain the full name (first and last) and contact information (address, email, and phone number) of the member with the permission agreement and copy of the work but maintain the identifying information in confidence.

Linking to Other OA Websites

Linking will often have the positive effect of significantly broadening the scope of a site. However, even when linking to another OA site, care must be exercised, since each OA group and OA service body is autonomous, has its own group conscience, and may display information that another OA group conscience might find objectionable. There is no way to know when this might occur. Experience indicates that linking to non-OA sites is even more problematic. Not only are the non-OA sites much more likely to display non-OA and/or controversial material, but linking might imply endorsement, if not affiliation. Experience strongly suggests that, when considering linking to another site, proceed with caution. The World Service Office has attempted to avoid some of these pitfalls on OA’s website, oa.org, by confining its links to registered OA groups and OA service bodies and by incorporating a mandatory exit symbol such as when a user wishes to activate the outside links on the site.

Be careful when linking to other websites, even other OA sites. Some sites might have information that could cause problems, or the link may make it seem like OA endorses them. Always be cautious.

No OA group or non-OA entity should represent itself as an agent of OA, Inc. or the World Service Office. No OA group or non-OA entity should represent itself to be a spokesperson for OA, Inc. or act as if they represent OA, Inc. Each OA group and OA service body is autonomous and encouraged to make decisions by informed group conscience, considering the guidance provided in our Twelve Traditions.

No OA group should speak or act like a spokesperson for OA, Inc. or the World Service Office. Each group should make decisions based on OA’s Twelve Traditions and any pertinent guidelines.

OA members sometimes contact the World Service Office for suggestions on how to remain within the Traditions on social networking websites. Keep in mind that World Service Office staff members and the OA Board of Trustees are not specifically trained in technology, but the Board of Trustees can act as a resource regarding OA’s Twelve Traditions and the shared experience of the Fellowship. How OA’s Spiritual Principles play out in the digital environment needs to be carefully discussed by each OA member, OA group, or OA service body creating an online presence. To help direct these discussions, please see the Frequently Asked Questions section further along in these guidelines.

In summary, abiding by best practices such as using original and authorized content, properly attributing third-party work, reporting infringing content, and educating employees/volunteers is key to achieving copyright compliance in print and digital media.

Civil Lawsuits and Damages

A copyright holder whose work has been infringed in print and/or digital media has the right to file a civil lawsuit against the infringing party. If the copyright holder is successful in a United States court, the infringing party may be required to pay damages in the form of lost profits, the amount the copyright holder would have earned if the work had not been infringed, or statutory damages of up to US$30,000 per work infringed under United States copyright statutes.

If you use someone’s work without permission, they could sue you. You might have to pay money for damages.

Criminal Penalties

In some cases, the unauthorized use of copyrighted works can lead to criminal charges and penalties. Individuals or companies found guilty of willful copyright infringement in order to gain a commercial advantage or private financial gain face up to five years in prison and fines of up to US$250,000 per offense under United States copyright statutes. A United States court may also order the seizure and destruction of infringing materials.

Sometimes, using copyrighted works without permission can lead to criminal charges. That could mean jail time and big fines.

Takedown Notices and Account Termination

Copyright holders can issue takedown notices to social media and other online platforms requesting the removal of infringing content. If a user repeatedly posts infringing content, the social media or online platform may terminate their account. Content creators should exercise caution to avoid account suspension or termination, as this could significantly damage the OA brand and goodwill earned over more than sixty years.

If you keep posting things without permission, your website or social media platform presence could be shut down and you will lose access to everything posted on your site.

Loss of Safe Harbor Protections

Social media and online platforms that fail to address infringement claims and comply with takedown notices risk losing “safe harbor” protections provided by laws like the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”). In Europe, the equivalent is known as the European Copyright Directive. Without these protections, platforms can face legal liability for copyrighted content posted by users. To maintain safe harbor status, platforms must follow proper notice-and-takedown procedures and adopt repeat-infringer policies.

Social media and online platforms that don’t follow the rules can also get in trouble. They must make sure they follow procedure and remove content when appropriate to do so.

Summary

Copyright infringement on social media and online can result in civil lawsuits, criminal charges, account suspension, loss of safe harbor protections for platforms, and other legal consequences. Content creators should understand their obligations under copyright law in their jurisdiction to avoid these penalties, while copyright holders have avenues to protect their intellectual property rights. By working together, all parties can promote a social media and online environment that respects copyright.

In summary, follow best practices like using your own original work, getting permission, giving credit, and reporting violations. This helps everyone stay within the law and respect copyrights. It also protects OA’s representation and goodwill worldwide.

What if I do not know where a photo came from or who owns it? How do I find out?

There are different ways to find out if a work is protected by copyright and learn the details about its copyright. In the United States, the United States Copyright Office has helpful information in this in “Circular 22” (link opens to third-party website).

I got a photo from a website that has lots and lots of photos for people to use. How do I know if it is in the public domain and okay to use?

Websites will usually say if content is in the public domain (or free to use), available with some rules (under a Creative Commons license), or protected by copyright and only usable with permission. We cannot give specific advice on using certain content, so please choose carefully.

I have a personal account with Microsoft (or another company), and Microsoft has photos I can use for free. If I make something for an Overeaters Anonymous group or OA, Inc. with one of Microsoft’s photos, do I need permission to use it?

Using content from third-party providers like Microsoft usually means you have to follow the Terms of Use in their End-User License Agreement (EULA). This agreement explains how you’re allowed to use the content. Be sure to read these agreements carefully before using any content.

I want to use an illustration, not a photo. Do I need permission to use a drawing?

All creative works—photos, drawings, paintings, music, recordings, sounds, books, and sculptures—are protected by copyright. If a drawing is copyrighted and not free to use, you must get permission from the creator or owner before using it.

I am really good at drawing. If I see a photo on the internet that I like, can I make my own drawing and use it on my group’s social media page? I drew it, so I’m the owner, right?

Copyright infringement happens when a work is copied, shared, performed, shown publicly, or changed into something new without permission from the copyright owner. Making a drawing of a copyrighted photo is usually seen as a copy or a new version of the work and might count as copyright infringement.

What if I take my own photos and give them to my OA group to use on the group’s social media page?

Copyright law protects original works that are in a physical form, whether they’re published or not. If you took a photo yourself and it is original, you can use it and give permission for the OA group to use it too.

I saw a photo on another OA group’s website. They are using it, so it must be okay for my OA group to use it, right?

Using a work might be controlled by a license agreement between the copyright owner and the user, as explained in that agreement. Permission given to one person does not automatically allow others to use it.

OA.org and the OA Lifeline blog have photos and illustrations. Is it okay if I just use one of those photos or illustrations, since OA, Inc. is already using it?

A license agreement between the copyright owner and the user may control how a work can be used. Permission given to one person does not mean others can use it too. Please check with OA, Inc. to make sure you have permission to use a specific work.

The photo is just a boring photo showing the backs of heads of people in line. It is not “artistic” or “creative.” Is that okay to use?

In the United States, the United States Copyright Office decides if a work is creative enough to qualify for federal copyright protection. If a work is federally copyrighted and not free to use, you need to get permission from the creator or owner before using it.

As long as I am careful about our social media page, can I cut and paste a photo from the internet on our website or use it in our group newsletter?

Copyright infringement happens when a work is copied, shared, performed, shown publicly, or changed into a new version without the copyright owner’s permission. If a work has federal copyright and is not free to use, you must get permission from the creator or owner before using it.

We got a license to use a photo on our website. Now we want to use the same photo to promote our group on a bus poster and on our region convention packet materials. Can we do that, or do we have to ask for permission again?

Check the license carefully for any rules about using a photo before you use it. If the license only allows certain uses, you might need a new license to use the photo in other ways not covered by the original agreement.

We really like a photo, but we don’t know where it came from or who owns it. We are going to use it anyway because, after all, if we are sued for damages, our group does not have any money.

Each OA group and service body is independent and responsible for its own print and digital content. Even if content is copied without permission and then removed after receiving a cease-and-desist letter, there’s no guarantee the copyright owner will cancel any requested damages or drop the threat of a lawsuit for copyright infringement. (See Monitoring and Enforcement section in these guidelines, above.)

The member who created our social media page has moved to another country and is no longer a member of our group. We do not know how to reach them, and we do not know if we have permission to use the photos on the social media page. What do we do? Is it okay since that person did it, not us?

To avoid copyright infringement, it is best to make sure you have permission to use a work. If you are unsure—whether because of a license or because the work is not copyrighted—consider stopping its use replacing it with something clearly allowed.

The member who created our website is no longer in that service position and cannot help us with the website anymore. We do not know if we have a license to use the photo. What do we do?

To avoid copyright infringement, it is best to make sure a work is used with permission. If it is unclear whether you’re allowed to use it—either due to a license or lack of copyright—think about stopping its use and replacing it with something clearly allowed.

The brother of one of our members is a really talented photographer. He has his own website and people buy his photos. He took some photos for us and gave them to the OA group. Since he gave the photos to the group, we can use them any way we want for the group, right?

Permission to use a work may have limits. If you want to use it in ways beyond those limits, you might need to get extra permission to expand your usage rights.

My group got a cease-and-desist letter. What do we do?

Copyright infringement is serious and can lead to large fines. Each group is responsible for its actions and should talk to an attorney to understand any claims in a cease-and-desist letter and any possible risks. Each OA group and service body is independent and responsible for its own media content. Even if content is copied by mistake and removed after a cease-and-desist letter, there is no guarantee the copyright owner will drop their claims or the threat of a lawsuit.

We got a license to use a photo and even paid a fee. But that was two years ago, and we do not know where a copy of the license is. Should we have kept a copy, and what do we do now?

One option is to reach out to the content owner to check if they have a copy of the license to understand the terms and how long it lasts. If you are unsure whether the work is being used correctly under the license, consider stopping its use and replacing it with something clearly allowed.

Can we use artificial intelligence (AI) to create an image for us? If we do, who owns it?

Generative AI tools can break copyright rules by creating new works based on someone else’s original works. These tools (AI) are trained using examples, such as copying the style of a well-known artist, to make new works that look similar. Right now, courts have not decided if using these examples is allowed (called “fair use”) or not. If it is not fair use and the original work is protected by copyright, both the AI program and the person using it to make new works could be breaking the law by copying the original artist’s work. As in other cases, if there is doubt, the safest choice is not to use the work. 

Can we use material that we find on other OA service board websites, or on oa.org? 

Always ask for permission before using pictures, songs, logos, drawings, or anything created by someone else. Get written permission whenever possible.

Can we photocopy parts of literature to hand out to members who cannot afford them? 

OA allows registered OA groups and service bodies to copy and share OA-owned material from oa.org and lifeline.oa.org without written permission. However, to translate and share any other OA-owned material, written permission is required. For more details, see the Copyright Requests page on oa.org.

Can we post parts of literature on screen during our meeting?

On a videoconferencing platform, OA groups can temporarily share OA material by screen or audio without written permission, but they must follow these rules:

• Be temporary: The material should be removed after the meeting ends.
• Be limited: Share only a small part of the OA material.
• Not copied or shared: Don’t copy or distribute it online, in print, or as a recording.
• Include a citation: Add “[Source of material], Copyright Overeaters Anonymous, Inc. All rights reserved.”
• Follow platform rules: Check the videoconferencing service’s rules to make sure sharing is allowed.

We meet on WhatsApp. Can we post parts of literature on our WhatsApp page?

To share OA material by screen or audio on a mobile app, you must get written permission. Send your request to the World Service Office at info@oa.org or by mail.

Here are six scenarios to help test your understanding of copyright law.

Scenario 1: Olivia’s Online Project

Olivia is working on a project for her intergroup’s social media page. She finds a beautiful photo on the internet and wants to use it. She also wants to share a popular song in the background of her video.

1. Why does Olivia need to ask for permission before using the photo she found on the internet?
2. If Olivia decides to use part of the song for educational purposes, does it automatically fall under “fair use”? Why or why not?
3. What should Olivia do to make sure she’s not infringing on any copyrights when using the photo and the song?

Scenario 2: Ben’s Blog Post

Ben writes a blog post about his favorite OA book and includes a long excerpt from it. He also adds a famous quote but credits the wrong author.

1. What is Ben doing wrong by including a long excerpt from the book without permission?
2. Why is it a problem that Ben credited the wrong author for the quote?
3. What could Ben do to fix these issues and avoid copyright infringement and false attribution?

Scenario 3: Sarah’s Social Media Page

Sarah runs a social media page for her OA group. She often shares pictures and videos she finds online without asking for permission. One day, she gets a takedown notice from a copyright holder.

1. What might happen if Sarah continues to share pictures and videos without permission?
2. What are the possible consequences for Sarah’s social media page if she ignores the takedown notice?
3. How can Sarah ensure that her OA group’s social media page complies with copyright laws?

Scenario 4: Marcos’s Music Video

Marcos creates a music video using a song from a popular band without asking for permission. He shares it on his group’s social media account and the video becomes very popular.

1. Is Marcos committing copyright infringement by using the song without permission?
2. What actions can the band take against Marcos and the OA group for using their song without permission?
3. What should Marcos have done before using the song in his music video?

Scenario 5: Lisa’s Logo Design

Lisa is designing a new logo for her OA group’s website. She includes elements from a famous company’s logo because she thinks it looks cool. She also wants to incorporate the OA logo.

1. What kind of infringement might Lisa be committing by using parts of another company’s logo?
2. Does Lisa need permission to use the OA logo? Why is it important for Lisa to create an original logo or get permission before using elements from another logo?
3. How can Lisa ensure her new logo does not infringe on any trademarks?

Scenario 6: Jake’s Shared Post

Jake shares an interesting article from another OA group’s website on his own OA group’s social media page. He does not check if it is okay to share the content.

1. What should Jake have done before sharing the article?
2. What are the risks of linking to or sharing content from other websites with or without permission?
3. What steps can Jake take to safely share content from other websites?